What is the difference between Anger and Frustration

Anger and frustration are both emotional responses, but they differ in their triggers, intensity, and how they are experienced:

Anger

  • Definition: A strong emotion of displeasure or hostility, often directed at someone or something perceived as causing harm, disrespect, or injustice.

  • Cause: Triggered by a sense of threat, perceived injustice, or violating personal boundaries or values.

  • Intensity: Typically more intense and immediate than frustration.

  • Expression: Depending on the person and situation, it can lead to outward behaviors like yelling, aggression, or assertiveness.

  • Focus: Often directed outward toward a specific person, situation, or object.

  • Purpose: Acts as a protective mechanism, motivating people to address threats or assert boundaries.

Frustration

  • Definition: A feeling blocked or hindered from achieving a goal or fulfilling a desire.

  • Cause: Triggered by obstacles, delays, or repeated unsuccessful attempts to achieve something.

  • Intensity: Often less intense but can build over time, potentially leading to anger if unresolved.

  • Expression: This may result in feelings of helplessness, impatience, or irritability; less likely to involve confrontation.

  • Focus: More inward or situation-specific, tied to the gap between expectations and reality.

  • Purpose: Signals a need for problem-solving, adaptation, or reconsideration of goals.

Key Difference

  • Anger often has a more immediate, reactive quality to perceived wrongs or threats, while frustration stems from prolonged barriers to progress or unmet expectations.

  • However, frustration can become anger if the barrier persists or becomes personal.

Diagnosed as an Adult

For about 20 years, Kiki Rakowsky tried to unearth the root cause of her panic attacks, disorganization, and analysis paralysis, which stopped her from finishing school and made her life feel increasingly difficult. Originally diagnosed with anxiety and PTSD, ADHD only came onto her radar in her 40s—in part because the Instagram algorithm clocked her interest in ADHD-related memes. “I started to feel like, wow, these posts are posting at me.” She broached the possibility in therapy and was eventually diagnosed with ADHD and dyscalculia, a math-related learning disability.

Emboldened by diagnoses that fit, Rakowsky went back to school at age 44. “At the beginning of this semester, I was sitting in my math class crying,” she says. By the end, she had scored a 95 on her final and an A- overall. “I thought my life was ruined; now I have a 3.94 GPA,” she says. “When I got my grades, the first person I called was my therapist—I just cried and said, ‘Thank you so much.’”

What My Diagnosis Finally Explained

I’d long suspected something was “off.” Then,

at 43, an unexpected answer arrived.

By Mary H.K. Choi THE CUT, New York Magazine

I’d long suspected something was “off.” Then, at 43, an unexpected answer arrived.

By Mary H.K. Choi THE CUT, New York MagazineIn May 24, 2023, at age 43, I was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. I sought assessment on the heels of an exasperated parting shot from Sam as he left the apartment mid-fight. Before he turned away, he said to me in a half-joke, “Jesus, I swear you’re autistic or have a personality disorder,” then shut the door.

I didn’t feel peevish triumph at how obviously mean he was being, which was very unlike me. What I remember most is the sinking sensation that accompanies unwelcome recognition. So in the weeks after the fight, I took to TikTok. Then Reddit. I binged on whatever the algorithm increasingly understood would privilege a confirmation bias to keep me engaged: autism memes (“POV: You’re Autistic and You’re Multitasking …” Or “Autism in Adult Women May Look Like …”). Within the month, I’d made an appointment at the Sachs Center, a “full- service boutique psychotherapy practice.” I had found it deep within the bowels of Autism Reddit and was duly unsure of its reputation, but after 40- plus years, I was impatient. Ready to throw money at the problem. I elected to be tested for both ASD and ADHD despite having already been diagnosed with ADHD three years earlier by my psychiatrist (who, for then record, helped eliminate Sam’s other accusation of my having a personality disorder).

…. ASD is a spectrum, but there is often a presumption that the spectrum is a linear gradient from mild to severe. In fact, the disorder is not a spectrum but spectra, a solar system of sprawling constellations in 3-D that differs from one person to the next. Within autistic communities, they say, “If you’ve met one person with ASD, you’ve met one person with ASD.”

What “ connect with me” really means? Empathy, not sympathy.

Mystery solved!

The answer to “connection” in relationship is the essential difference between sympathy and empathy.

The key to empathic responses is active listening, acknowledging their feelings without trying to "fix" them, and offering your presence as a source of comfort and support.

The difference between sympathy and empathy lies in the depth of connection. Sympathy often conveys acknowledgment of someone's feelings without fully engaging with their experience. On the other hand, empathy involves genuinely putting yourself in the other person’s shoes and validating their emotions.

Practicing empathetic responses can foster greater emotional intimacy and trust during challenging times. It builds trust in the relationship that “I have your emotional back” in this.

Example 1: Dealing with Loss

Sympathy:

One partner experiences the loss of a family member. The other partner says, "I’m so sorry for your loss. It must be really hard for you." While this shows care, it maintains a certain distance and acknowledges the pain without fully engaging with it.

Empathy:

In the same situation, the other partner might say, "I can’t imagine how painful this must be for you. I’m here for you, and I want to help you through this." This response conveys a deeper understanding of the partner's feelings and a willingness to be present with them in their grief.

Example 2: Job Stress

Sympathy:

One partner is stressed about work deadlines. The other says, "That sounds tough. I hope it gets better soon." This response is supportive but doesn’t delve into the emotional experience of the stressed partner.

Empathy:

Instead, the other partner could say, "I can see that you’re feeling overwhelmed. It sounds like you’re really frustrated with the workload. How can I support you?" This approach validates the partner's feelings and opens up a space for deeper conversation and support.

Example 3: Conflict in the Relationship

Sympathy:

During a conflict, one partner expresses frustration. The other partner responds, "I understand why you’re upset, and I feel bad about it." This acknowledges the frustration but may not address the underlying emotions.

Empathy:

A more empathetic response would be, "I can feel how upset you are, and I want to understand your perspective better. Can you tell me more about what’s bothering you?" This fosters a deeper emotional connection and invites open dialogue.

Example 4: Celebrating Achievements

Sympathy:

One partner achieves a personal goal, and the other says, "That’s great! I’m happy for you." While this is positive, it may not fully capture the joy of the moment.

Empathy:

An empathetic response would be, "I’m so proud of you! I know how hard you’ve worked for this, and it’s amazing to see your efforts pay off. How does it feel to achieve this?" This response not only celebrates the achievement but also connects on an emotional level, recognizing the effort and feelings involved.

Example 5: Health Struggles

Sympathy:

One partner is dealing with a health issue. The other says, "I’m sorry you’re going through this. I hope you feel better soon." This shows concern but keeps a certain distance.

Empathy:

Conversely, an empathetic response would be, "That sounds really challenging. I can’t imagine how frustrating this must be for you. I’m here to support you in any way you need." This response acknowledges the complexity of the situation and invites the partner to share their feelings and needs.

Therefore:

In intimate long-term relationships, and with family and friends, empathy fosters deeper emotional connections by allowing partners to feel truly vulnerable, safe, understood and supported. This is a keystone of building and strengthening trust in any close relationship. While sympathy can express care, empathy encourages vulnerability, open communication, and a stronger emotional bond.

————-

Empathy Expression Formula

1. Acknowledge the Emotion: Recognize and name the emotion the other person is experiencing.

2. Validate the Feelings: Communicate that their feelings are understandable and legitimate.

3. Connect: Share your willingness to understand more and offer support.

4. Invite Dialogue (if appropriate): Encourage them to express more about their feelings or situation.

Example Breakdown

Let’s break this down with an example:

Situation: Your partner is feeling anxious about a work presentation.

1. Acknowledge the Emotion: "I can see that you’re feeling really anxious about your presentation."

2. Validate the Feelings: "It’s completely normal to feel this way, especially since it’s such an important moment for you."

3. Connect: "I want you to know that I’m here for you, and I believe in your abilities."

4. Invite Dialogue: "Would you like to talk about what’s making you anxious, or how I can help?"

Another Example

Situation: A friend is upset after a breakup.

1. Acknowledge the Emotion: "I can tell you’re really hurting after the breakup."

2. Validate the Feelings: "It makes sense to feel sad; that was a significant relationship for you."

3. Connect: "I’m here to listen and support you through this."

4. Invite Dialogue: "Do you want to share what you’re feeling or what you need right now?"

Key Points to Remember

- Active Listening: Make sure to listen attentively without interrupting. This shows you genuinely care.

- Non-Verbal Cues: Your body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice should all convey warmth and understanding.

- Avoid Judgment: Empathy is about understanding, not offering solutions or judging their feelings.

- Tailor Your Response: Adapt the expression of empathy based on the person and the context. Some might need more support or space than others.

Using this formula can help you express empathy in a more structured way, fostering deeper connections and understanding in your relationships.

The difference between sympathetic and empathetic responses that can help navigate the IVF journey.

Here are ten examples highlighting the difference between sympathetic and empathetic responses in the context of navigating the challenging IVF journey with care:

1. Initial Struggles

  • Sympathetic: "Oh no, that sounds awful. I hope it works out eventually."

  • Empathetic: "I can imagine how exhausting this must be. What has been the hardest part for you so far?"

2. Waiting for Results

  • Sympathetic: "I bet you're so anxious. I hope you get good news."

  • Empathetic: "The waiting must feel unbearable. How are you coping with the uncertainty?"

3. Financial Burden

  • Sympathetic: "That’s so expensive! I can’t imagine having to pay so much."

  • Empathetic: "It must be so stressful balancing the financial side with everything else you're dealing with. How can I help lighten the load?"

4. Physical Strain

  • Sympathetic: "All those shots must hurt! You’re so brave to do that."

  • Empathetic: "Those injections sound tough to go through day after day. How are you feeling about them today?"

5. Emotional Rollercoaster

  • Sympathetic: "At least you’re trying everything you can. Stay positive!"

  • Empathetic: "It sounds like this has been such an emotional journey. It’s okay to feel overwhelmed sometimes."

6. Dealing with a Failed Cycle

  • Sympathetic: "I’m so sorry it didn’t work. Maybe next time will be better."

  • Empathetic: "This must be heartbreaking. I can’t imagine how you’re feeling, but I’m here to listen if you want to talk."

7. Encountering Insensitive Comments

  • Sympathetic: "People can be so rude! Don’t let them get to you."

  • Empathetic: "Hearing that must have been so hurtful. How do you usually deal with comments like that?"

8. Talking About the Future

  • Sympathetic: "Don’t give up hope—things will work out eventually!"

  • Empathetic: "Thinking about the future must feel so uncertain right now. What’s helping you stay grounded through this?"

9. Celebrating Small Wins

  • Sympathetic: "That’s great news! You’re one step closer."

  • Empathetic: "That’s wonderful progress! How are you feeling about this step forward?"

10. Sharing Stories with Others

  • Sympathetic: "You’re so brave to share your story. I could never handle what you’re going through."

  • Empathetic: "Thank you for sharing your story. I can see how much strength it takes to be vulnerable about your journey."

Key Difference

  • Sympathy often centers on the supporter’s feelings and reactions.

  • Empathy shifts the focus to the individual’s experience, offering deeper understanding and connection.

More examples of Empathetic Responses:

Concern: "I'm scared this might not work."

Empathic Response:
"I can only imagine how overwhelming that fear must feel. It’s such a big journey, and I’m here with you, regardless of the outcome. We’ll face it together, one step at a time."

Concern: "What if something goes wrong with the treatment?"

Empathic Response:
"It’s completely understandable to feel anxious about the process. This is all new, and knowing what to expect is hard. Let’s talk through your worries or ask the doctor more questions so we can feel as prepared as possible."

Concern: "The medications are making me feel so emotional and exhausted."

Empathic Response:
"That sounds so hard—having to go through the physical and emotional strain all at once. I can’t fully know what it feels like, but I’m here to help with anything you need, even if it’s just listening or giving you space."

Concern: "I feel like I’m failing if this doesn’t work."

Empathic Response:
"You are so strong for going through this. None of this defines your worth or who you are. It’s okay to feel this way, but I want you to know I don’t see you as failing. You’re doing something incredibly difficult and brave."

Concern: "I’m scared this process will change our relationship."

Empathic Response:
"I value our relationship so much, and I understand why you might worry about that. This is a big challenge, but I want to get through together and grow closer as a team."

Concern: "It feels too much pressure to have everything riding on this."

Empathic Response:
"That’s such a heavy weight to carry. You don’t have to shoulder it alone—we’re doing this together. No matter what happens, I want to figure this out with you."

Concern: "Why must this be so hard for us?"

Empathic Response:
"It’s so unfair that this journey is so difficult. I wish there were an easier path for us, and it’s okay to feel upset about it. I’m here to hold onto hope with you."

———

The key to empathic responses is active listening, acknowledging their feelings without trying to "fix" them, and offering your presence as a source of comfort and support.

The difference between sympathy and empathy lies in the depth of connection. Sympathy often conveys acknowledgment of someone's feelings without fully engaging with their experience. On the other hand, empathy involves genuinely putting yourself in the other person’s shoes and validating their emotions.

Practicing empathetic responses can foster greater emotional intimacy and trust during challenging times. It builds trust in the relationship that “i have your emotional back” in this.

What to say when you have betrayed your spouse and you sincerely and honestly want to repair & recover the relationship

The vital difference between sympathy and empathy

Sympathy is more about understanding and acknowledging someone else’s hardship, while empathy involves truly feeling and connecting with their emotional experience; it goes deeper and is emotionally engaged without projecting your emotions onto the other.

Here are a few examples to guide conversations toward genuine, empathetic responses to partner’s expressions of emotional pain:

1. Acknowledging Their Pain

  • Sympathy: "I know you’re hurt, and I feel terrible for causing you pain."
    (You  acknowledge their  feelings but keep your focus on your regret.)

  • Empathy: "I can see how much this has shattered your trust and made you question everything. It must feel unbearable to face this daily because of what I did."
    (Recognizes the depth of their emotional experience and validates their struggle.)

2. Understanding Their Distrust

  • Sympathy: "I know you can’t trust me right now, and I understand why."
    (Acknowledges the lack of trust but doesn’t explore it further.)

  • Empathy: "I understand why it’s impossible to trust me. I betrayed your faith in me, and that must make you question everything we’ve built together. It’s terrifying to imagine how I’ve left you feeling so unsafe."
    (You try to step into their perspective and deeply feel their mistrust.)

3. Responding to Their Anger

  • Sympathy: "I’m sorry for making you this angry. You don’t deserve this."
    (Apologizes but doesn’t fully engage with their emotional state.)

  • Empathy: "I hear your anger; you have every right to feel it. I can’t imagine the frustration and betrayal behind your words, but I want to keep listening because you need to be heard."
    (Validates their anger and conveys a willingness to stay emotionally present.)

4. Acknowledging the Ongoing Pain

  • Sympathy: "I hate seeing you in so much pain. I wish I could take it all back."
    (Expresses regret but shifts focus to his feelings.)

  • Empathy: "Your pain is so deep, and I can see how it affects you daily. I’ve caused a wound that keeps reopening, and it must feel like there’s no escape from it."
    (Acknowledges their ongoing suffering without centering yourself)

5. Rebuilding Connection

  • Sympathy: "I hope we can move past this someday, and I’ll keep trying to improve things."
    (Expresses a desire for resolution but doesn’t directly engage their feelings.)

  • Empathy: "I know it feels impossible to imagine rebuilding anything right now, and I don’t expect you to forgive me anytime soon. I want to sit with your pain and understand it because that’s the least I owe you for what I’ve done."
    (Prioritizes understanding their feelings over seeking quick resolution.)

Key Differences Between Sympathy and Empathy:

  • Sympathy acknowledges their pain and regret for causing it but often shifts focus to your feelings of guilt or hope for resolution.

  • Empathy delves into their emotional reality, demonstrating a genuine attempt to see, feel, and validate their experience without centering on your feelings or rushing their healing process.

  • One of the significant challenges with empathy is assuming if you feel a certain way, your partner does. Another error is assuming you know what your partner is feeling. Instead, healthy empathy connects you emotionally and puts you in a different mindset by“putting yourself in their shoes. ” This does tell you what they are feeling; this makes you more OPEN TO THEIR EMOTIONS and seeing, understanding, hearing, and being present to HOW THEY ARE FEELING. This provides a better chance of them feeling listened to and cared for.

  • To rebuild TRUST, empathy is essential.


WHAT NOT TO SAY OR DO!

When responding empathetically to a spouse you have betrayed through infidelity, there are critical things to avoid to prevent further harm and to begin rebuilding trust both in yourself and with your partner. Here are some things NOT to do:

1. Don’t dismiss or minimize their pain

  • Example:
    “It was just one mistake; you’re overreacting.”

    • This invalidates their feelings and may deepen the hurt. Could you acknowledge the gravity of your actions instead?

2. Don’t make it about yourself

  • Example:
    “I feel so guilty, I don’t know how I’ll forgive myself.”

    • Shifting the focus to your guilt can make your spouse feel like their pain is secondary to your emotions.

3. Don’t offer justifications

  • Example:
    “I wouldn’t have done it if you had paid more attention to me.”

    • Justifying your behavior shifts blame to your spouse, which can escalate anger and undermine accountability.

4. Don’t rush their healing process

  • Example:
    “Why can’t you move past this already?”

    • Healing from betrayal takes time. Pressuring them to "get over it" invalidates their timeline for processing emotions.

5. Don’t avoid the hard conversations

  • Example:
    “Let’s not keep talking about this—it’s in the past.”

    • Avoidance can signal a lack of willingness to take responsibility or address the damage caused.

6. Don’t give vague or evasive answers

  • Example:
    “I don’t remember why I did it.”

    • Failing to provide clarity can worsen mistrust. Be honest and transparent without being defensive.

7. Don’t blame external factors

  • Example:
    “I was drunk” or “Work stress pushed me over the edge.”

    • While external factors may have contributed, they do not excuse the betrayal. Own your actions fully.

8. Don’t invalidate their need for details

  • Example:
    “Knowing the specifics won’t help you.”

    • Your spouse may need answers to rebuild trust and understand the situation. Denying them this can add to the pain.

9. Don’t compare their reaction to others

  • Example:
    “Other people would have handled this differently.”

    • Comparing your spouse’s reaction to someone else’s is dismissive and can make them feel unsupported.

10. Don’t expect forgiveness or trust immediately

  • Example:
    “I said I’m sorry; what more do you want?”

    • Rebuilding trust takes consistent effort over time. Expecting immediate forgiveness shows a lack of understanding of their emotional depth.


MORE SUGGESTIONS TO KEEP EMPATHETIC RESPONSES HEALTHY:

This also supports trust in any relationship in which your actions or inaction have caused emotional harm.

Rebuilding essential trust requires consistent effort, deep empathy, and a willingness to face the emotional consequences of your actions.

1. Acknowledge their pain openly

  • Example:
    “I see how much pain I’ve caused you, and I’m deeply sorry for betraying your trust.”

    • Acknowledge the hurt without minimizing it or making excuses.

2. Take full responsibility

  • Example:
    “This was entirely my fault. There is no excuse for what I did.”

    • Fully owning your actions without blaming others shows accountability and respect for their experience.

3. Validate their feelings

  • Example:
    “You have every right to feel hurt, angry, and betrayed. I understand that I deeply hurt you.”

    • Let them know their emotions are valid and expected.

4. Be honest and transparent*

  • Example:
    “If you have questions, I’m ready to answer them honestly. I want to help you understand, even if it’s hard for me to talk about.”

    • Transparency is critical to rebuilding trust. Answer their questions truthfully and respectfully. (*IMPORTANT NOTE: SEE THE EXCEPTION BELOW)

The ONE EXCEPTION: The Gottman Method approach to affair recovery generally advises caution around sharing sexual details of an affair, as this can often do more harm than good. Click Here for the details of this research.

5. Express regret and remorse

  • Example:
    “I deeply regret the pain I’ve caused you and the damage I’ve done to our relationship.”

    • Genuine remorse shows you reflect on the harm caused, not just the consequences for yourself.

6. Offer consistent reassurance, but don’t make promises you can’t keep

  • Example:
    “I’m committed to earning back your trust, no matter how long it takes.”

    • Reassure them of your commitment to the relationship and their healing.

7. Be patient with their healing

  • Example:
    “I understand this will take time, and I’m here to support you however you need.”

    • Recognize that healing is a long process and be ready to walk through it with them.

8. Show through actions, not just words

  • Example:
    “I’m seeing a therapist to understand why I made these choices and to make sure it never happens again.”

    • Follow through with meaningful actions that show your willingness to change.

9. Ask how you can support them

  • Example:
    “What can I do right now to make you feel more supported or safe?”

    • Offer to meet their needs as they navigate their feelings.

10. Commit to honest communication moving forward

  • Example:
    “I intend to be open and honest with you. You deserve transparency.”*

    • Rebuilding trust requires eliminating secrecy and fostering open dialogue.

    • The ONE EXCEPTION: The Gottman Method approach to affair recovery generally advises caution around sharing sexual details of an affair, as this can often do more harm than good. Click Here for the details of this research.


No Matter What Your Partner Does, Focus On Rebuilding Trust,

First, Trust In Yourself, and Second, Trust With Your Partner:

  • Listen without defensiveness:
    When they express anger or hurt, resist the urge to defend yourself. Instead, respond with understanding.

    • “I hear your anger, and I know I’ve caused it. I want to do better.”

  • Respect their boundaries:
    Honor them if they need space or specific boundaries.

    • “I respect your need for space, and I’ll be here when you’re ready.”

NOT RIGHT NOW!: Three options that help instead of hurt.

THREE OPTIONS WHEN THINGS GET TENSE!

In the daily busyness of family, work, and relationships, talking about things can be awkward, with many things pulling for attention simultaneously. One way to transform a harsh start to a conversation into a more satisfying exchange, which sounds simple but requires practice and agreement, is to ask before you share: Is this a good time to talk?

In the middle of a conversation, when tension is starting to rise, another option to make things better is to PAUSE, for a beat or a long moment. Tap into the calm when things get tough.

When you become flooded, either elevated to high intensity or shut down into detachment, a more substantial pause or break is needed to allow your nervous system to calm down so you can “think” instead of react harshly. Here is an option to take a break during conversations at home when either partner is getting flooded.

I can’t describe how I feel: Alexithymia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

“Alexithymia is a condition where you have challenges identifying and describing emotions in the self. Essentially, alexithymia is a difference in emotional processing. The term was introduced by Peter Emanuel Sifneos in 1972, from the Greek a for lack, lexis for word, and thymos for emotion, meaning lack of words for emotions or simply no words for emotions.” — Eva Silvertant

Alexithymia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two conditions that can sometimes intersect, but they are distinct from one another. Here’s an overview of their relationship and how they can affect individuals:

Understanding Alexithymia

1. Definition: Alexithymia is characterized by difficulty in identifying, understanding, and expressing emotions. Individuals with alexithymia may struggle to recognize their own feelings and may have trouble articulating them, which can impact their social interactions and relationships.

2. Symptoms: Common symptoms include:

- Difficulty describing emotions.

- Limited emotional vocabulary.

- Trouble distinguishing between feelings and physical sensations.

- Challenges in understanding emotional cues from others.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

1. Definition: Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication challenges, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. The symptoms can vary widely in severity and manifestation.

2. Symptoms: Individuals with autism may show:

- Difficulty with social interactions and understanding social cues.

- Challenges in communication, both verbal and non-verbal.

- Restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests.

The Relationship Between Alexithymia and Autism

1. Prevalence: Research indicates that alexithymia is more prevalent among individuals with autism than in the general population. Estimates suggest that a significant percentage of individuals with autism may experience some degree of alexithymia.

2. Social and Emotional Challenges: Both conditions involve difficulties with emotional recognition and expression, but the reasons behind these challenges can differ:

- In autism, social communication deficits may lead to challenges in understanding emotions.

- In alexithymia, the difficulty is more about recognizing and articulating feelings, regardless of social context.

3. Overlap: While many individuals with autism may exhibit traits of alexithymia, not all individuals with alexithymia are autistic. The two can co-occur, but they are not synonymous.

Implications for Support and Treatment

1. Therapeutic Approaches: For individuals with both conditions, therapeutic approaches may need to be tailored to address the unique challenges posed by each. Techniques may include:

- Emotion-focused therapy to help recognize and articulate feelings.

- Social skills training to improve understanding of social cues and interactions.

- Mindfulness practices to enhance emotional awareness.

2. Importance of Understanding: Recognizing the presence of alexithymia in individuals with autism can be crucial for providing practical support. Understanding the emotional landscape of these individuals can lead to better communication and enhanced relationships.

3. Support Networks: Families, educators, and therapists can play vital roles in helping individuals navigate both conditions and fostering environments where feelings can be expressed and understood.

Suppose you or someone you know is navigating the complexities of either condition, seek guidance from a licensed psychologist for testing and a mental health practitioner for support and tailored strategies to your situation.

Learn much more from someone with this condition:

https://embrace-autism.com/alexithymia-and-autism-guide/

Positive sentiment override: Refresh your relationship history

<<. . .where the positive interactions in a relationship outweigh the negative interactions, leading to a generally positive perception of the relationship— John Gottman>>

Positive sentiment override occurs when a couple's positive experiences and interactions significantly exceed their negative experiences, allowing them to maintain a positive view of each other and their relationship despite conflicts or challenges. This phenomenon helps couples navigate difficult times more effectively and fosters resilience in their relationships.

From the Gottman Research of over 3000 couples found that neutralizing one negative moment took five positive moments. The happy couples revealed 19 positive moments and one unpleasant moment.

1. Example: Communication During Conflict

   - Situation: A couple, Sarah and Tom, disagree about household chores. During the argument, Sarah raises her voice, and Tom feels upset.

   Response: After the argument, Tom remembers all the loving gestures Sarah has shown him over the years—like how she surprised him with his favorite meal on his birthday or how she supported him during a tough time at work. Because of these positive memories, he interprets her raised voice as a sign of frustration rather than a personal attack. This leads him to have a constructive conversation with her later about better sharing chores.

2. Example: Recalling Positive Memories

   Situation: Mark and Lisa face financial difficulties during a stressful period. Lisa tends to get anxious and sometimes snaps at Mark due to stress.

   - Response: Instead of feeling hurt by Lisa's anxiety, Mark recalls their countless supportive moments, such as when Lisa encouraged him during a job search or celebrated his achievements. This positive sentiment helps him to understand her behavior better and encourages him to offer support rather than resentment, reinforcing their bond.

3. Example: Building a Positive Foundation

   - Situation: Jenna and Alex often have busy schedules, which leads to occasional misunderstandings and frustrations.

   - Response: They consciously prioritize quality time together, such as regular date nights and expressing gratitude for each other's efforts. Because of this foundation of positive interactions, when a misunderstanding occurs, they are more likely to approach it with empathy and patience, viewing it as a minor bump in the road rather than a significant threat to their relationship.

In these examples, the couple's ability to maintain a positive outlook and interpret each other's actions—thanks to a substantial reservoir of positive experiences—demonstrates the impact of positive sentiment override. This psychological mechanism can help couples navigate conflicts more effectively, strengthening their relationship.

Here are several ways in which positive experiences affect conflict resolution:

Positive experiences are pivotal in contextualizing conflicts among couples by shaping their perceptions, emotional responses, and approaches to resolving disagreements. Here are several key ways in which positive experiences influence the context of conflicts:

1. Creating a Positive Reference Point

   - Historical Context: Positive experiences provide a historical backdrop that helps couples view conflicts as isolated incidents rather than indicative of fundamental relationship problems. When partners can recall shared joyful moments, they are more likely to see a disagreement as temporary and solvable.

   - Emotional Reservoir: A wealth of positive memories acts as an emotional reservoir that partners can draw upon during conflicts. This reservoir reinforces their belief in the relationship's overall health, allowing them to approach conflicts with a more optimistic perspective.

2. Shaping Perceptions of Intent

   - Assuming Good Intent: Couples who share many positive experiences are more inclined to interpret each other's actions during conflicts as well-intentioned. For instance, if one partner forgets an important date, the other may be more likely to attribute that oversight to stress or forgetfulness rather than malice.

   - Reduced Negative Attribution: Positive experiences foster a sense of trust and goodwill, which helps partners avoid negative attributions about each other's behavior during disagreements. This can mitigate escalation and promote more constructive dialogue.

3. Enhancing Empathy and Understanding

   - Empathetic Responses: When couples have a history of positive experiences, they are more likely to empathize with each other during conflicts. This empathy allows them to understand each other's feelings and perspectives, leading to more compassionate and less defensive responses.

   - Willingness to Listen: Positive experiences cultivate a sense of connection, making partners more willing to listen to each other’s viewpoints during conflicts. This willingness can lead to a more thorough understanding of the underlying issues.

4. Fostering a Collaborative Mindset

   - Team Approach: Positive experiences encourage couples to approach conflicts as a team rather than as adversaries. When partners feel connected and valued, they are more likely to work collaboratively to find solutions rather than focusing on winning an argument.

   Shared Goals: Positive experiences can reinforce shared goals and values, helping partners prioritize the health of the relationship over individual grievances during conflicts.

5. Encouraging Constructive Communication

   - Safe Communication Environment: Positive experiences create a safe emotional space for open communication. Couples are likelier to express their feelings honestly without fear of escalating the conflict or damaging the relationship.

   - Focus on Solutions: When partners have a strong foundation of positive experiences, they can more easily shift their focus from blame to problem-solving. They are more inclined to discuss potential solutions rather than getting stuck in negativity.

Reducing Emotional Reactivity

   Calming Effect: Positive experiences can calm conflicts, reducing emotional reactivity. When partners feel appreciated and loved, they are less likely to respond with anger or frustration, allowing for a more rational and constructive discussion.

   Stress Buffering: Positive experiences can buffer stress and anxiety during conflicts, helping partners remain grounded and composed, which is essential for effective resolution.

7. Promoting Long-Term Relationship Satisfaction

   - Contextualizing the Relationship: A strong foundation of positive experiences helps couples maintain a broader perspective on their relationship, allowing them to contextualize conflicts within the larger narrative of their partnership. This perspective can lead to greater satisfaction and commitment in the long run.

   Commitment to Resolution: Couples who have enjoyed many positive experiences together are often more committed to resolving conflicts. They see the value of maintaining harmony and are motivated to find solutions that strengthen their bond.

Positive experiences allow partners to view conflicts as manageable and isolated, foster understanding and empathy, promote collaboration, and ultimately contribute to healthier and more satisfying relationships.

Overreacting To Simple Things?: EMOTIONAL VULNERABILITIES and TENDERNESS

Intense emotional reaction to something your spouse says or does, even though the situation doesn’t seem otherwise require it?  Does your partner sometimes suddenly get intense over things that don’t seem to be that problematic?

——-

When routine conversations suddenly turn toward upset and argument or a shutdown of detachment, a persistent emotional tenderness is often the cause. These emotional wounds and sensitivity remain in a relationship and can resurface under certain conditions, usually influencing interactions and conflict dynamics.

In Gottman’s research, ENDURING VULNERABITLIES refers to traits, past experiences, or characteristics that partners bring into the relationship that persist over time. These can include things like a history of trauma, attachment styles, or deeply ingrained habits. Successfully addressing these vulnerabilities requires understanding, empathy, and consistent communication.

Thomas Bradbury and Benjamin Karney coined the term “enduring vulnerability” at UCLA.  It references past experiences in relationships, your family of origin, or other traumas that have created a subconscious reaction within you to similar experiences in the present.

For example, a child who was frequently bullied about his or her weight may continue to feel heightened sensitivity around body image and weight into adult years.  When their spouse suggests an exercise program to do together, the spouse with the enduring vulnerability around body image may have a strong emotional reaction of anger, fear, and shame.

With the understanding from the Gottman Couple Research, these moments can also be continuous invitations for connection. These are difficult to navigate without understanding and practicing, learning from what doesn’t go well, and repeatedly trying. Below are examples of couples with enduring vulnerabilities surfacing in their conversations, navigating them with loving understanding, awareness, and compassion:

Example 1: Navigating Insecurity About Affection

Context: Sarah feels insecure about whether her partner, James, loves her as much as she loves him. She has an enduring vulnerability stemming from childhood neglect.

Conversation:

  • Sarah: "Sometimes, when you don’t say ‘I love you’ before bed, I worry that you’re upset with me or that I’ve done something wrong. I know it’s probably silly, but I just wanted to share."

  • James: (Pauses to consider her feelings) "That’s not silly. I’m sorry I’ve made you feel that way—I love you so much. I’ll say it more because it’s important to you."

  • Sarah: "Thank you for understanding. I know it’s my insecurity talking, and I appreciate your patience with me."

Example 2: Coping with a Fear of Conflict

Context: Alex grew up in a home where conflict was loud and destructive, and they now struggle to address disagreements with their partner, Taylor.

Conversation:

  • Taylor: "I noticed that when we disagree about plans, you tend to withdraw. Can we talk about that?"

  • Alex: "Yeah... I guess I’ve always been afraid of arguments spiraling out of control. Growing up, fights were terrifying for me."

  • Taylor: "That makes sense. I want you to feel safe with me. How can I make it easier for you when we work through something?"

  • Alex: "Maybe we could agree to keep our voices calm and take breaks if it gets too tense? That would help a lot."

  • Taylor: "Absolutely. I want us to handle disagreements in a way that feels safe for both of us."

Example 3: Dealing with Financial Anxiety

Context: Mia has a history of financial instability and often feels anxious about spending money, even though her partner, Ryan, is more financially secure and relaxed about it.

Conversation:

  • Mia: "I noticed I’ve been snapping at you whenever we talk about buying something for the house. I think it’s because I get anxious about money—I’ve always struggled.”

  • Ryan: "I can see that. I didn’t realize how much it was affecting you. I want to help ease that stress. Do you think we could set a budget together?"

  • Mia: "That would help a lot. Knowing we’re on the same page makes me feel more secure."

  • Ryan: "We’re a team. Let’s figure this out together."

Fundamental Gottman Principles in Action:

When enduring vulnerabilities in both partners are discovered, named compassionately, understood, and accepted, these Gottman Principles can help manage them when they surface. Instead of feeling defeated, you can feel closer by skilfully accepting and working with them:

  1. Turning Toward: Both partners respond with empathy rather than defensiveness or dismissal.

  2. Positive Sentiment Override: The partners assume goodwill and express appreciation for each other’s efforts.

  3. Shared Meaning: They work together to create a plan or understanding that supports both partners’ needs.

These conversations show how couples can engage with enduring vulnerabilities in a way that strengthens their trust, connection, and bond.

—————-

1. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Fear of abandonment

Response: "I’m here with you, and I’m not going anywhere."
Why: Sue Johnson’s Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) emphasizes creating a secure bond. This response addresses the deep fear of being left behind and reinforces the safety and stability of the relationship.

2. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Feeling invalidated

Response: "I hear you, and your feelings make sense to me. I want to understand more about what you’re feeling."
Why: Gottman’s research on attunement shows that validation helps soothe emotional triggers and rebuilds trust by showing empathy and active listening.

3. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Shame from past mistakes or criticism

Response: "You don’t have to be perfect. I love you just as you are."
Why: This taps into Sue Johnson’s idea of creating emotional safety, where unconditional acceptance can help dissolve feelings of shame and promote healing.

4. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Betrayal or broken trust

Response: "I understand why this is so painful for you. I will do everything I can to make you feel safe with me."
Why: Both Gottman and Johnson stress the importance of repair in building trust. Acknowledging the hurt and expressing commitment to repair helps alleviate the emotional intensity.

5. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Feeling unheard or unseen

Response: "What you’re saying is really important to me. Let’s take the time to talk about this fully."
Why: Gottman’s concept of turning toward your partner builds emotional connection. This response signals attentiveness and willingness to prioritize their needs.

6. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Fear of conflict escalating

Response: "We’re on the same team, and I’m not against you. Let’s work through this together."
Why: This aligns with Gottman’s emphasis on softening startup and de-escalating conflict. It reassures your partner that you’re collaborating, not competing.

7. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Feeling unworthy of love

Response: "You are so important to me, and I’m lucky to have you in my life."
Why: Johnson’s EFT highlights the need to affirm love and value. This response combats feelings of unworthiness and reinforces the emotional bond.

8. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Anxiety about being judged or criticized

Response: "I’m not here to judge you. I want to support you in whatever you’re feeling."
Why: This aligns with Gottman’s advice to avoid defensiveness and criticism. Offering nonjudgmental support fosters safety and emotional closeness.

9. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Memories of neglect or emotional unavailability

Response: "I see how painful this is for you. I’m here, and I want to give you what you need."
Why: Sue Johnson’s work stresses responsiveness in moments of vulnerability. Being present and attentive helps counteract past experiences of neglect.

10. Emotional Vulnerability Trigger: Fear of failure or not being enough

Response: "You’re more than enough for me, and I’m proud of everything you do."
Why: This addresses the deep-seated fear of inadequacy and provides affirmation, which both Gottman and Johnson identify as essential for emotional connection and security.

Why These Responses Work

  1. Emotional Accessibility: Both Gottman and Johnson emphasize the importance of being emotionally available during moments of distress.

  2. Validation: Acknowledging your partner’s feelings without judgment or minimization fosters a sense of safety.

  3. Repair Attempts: Effective responses provide an opportunity to heal wounds from past experiences.

  4. Reassurance: Repeatedly affirming commitment and love helps mitigate the long-term effects of enduring vulnerabilities.

These approaches promote emotional intimacy and create a secure foundation, helping partners heal from past wounds while building a resilient connection.

Is this a good time to talk?

In a family and in a committed relationship a major complaint is that the spouse or family member starts talking about something while the other is either doing something or their mind is occupied with something else. This can quickly lead to arguments such as “you don’t care about me,” “you never want to talk with me,” “you don’t listen to me, why do I have to repeat myself?” and so on.

One way to transform this into a more satisfying exchange, which sounds simple but requires practice and agreement, is to ask before you share: Is this a good time to talk?

John Gottman, a leading researcher in relationship dynamics, developed the concept of "rituals of connection" as a way for couples to strengthen their bond and foster emotional intimacy. These rituals are regular, meaningful interactions that create a sense of closeness, stability, and predictability in a relationship. They can be small daily actions or larger, planned traditions reinforcing the family and couple’s understanding of "us."

Core Features of Rituals of Connection

  1. Consistency: They occur regularly, becoming a part of the couple's routine.

  2. Intentionality: They are created to enhance connection.

  3. Symbolism: They often carry personal meaning and emotional significance for the couple.

  4. Mutual Enjoyment: Both partners find these rituals meaningful and enjoyable.

By agreeing to ask first, “Is this a good time to talk?” or “Is this a good time to talk about …….?”, it becomes an intentional moment to make sure the listener is in a state of mind to listen.

In these days of busy screen time and focused work, both busy and around the house, if you start talking toward your family member or spouse, most likely, they will say, “What?” Why? Because 100% of the time, their attention is preoccupied with something. Therefore, if you start talking, they can’t listen. If you ask, “Is this a good time to talk.” They can take a beat, a breath, and turn toward you and respond with, “Yes, what is up.”

Or, if it is NOT A GOOD TIME, they can respond, “Not right now; I am in the middle of something. Can I get back to you in an hour?” If not now, you can be more satisfied with the interaction later.

However, if the answer is “no,” and that person doesn’t circle back within 24 hours and say, “What’s up?” and engage, it will make things worse because, without the circle back, your partner assumes you don’t care enough to both keep your word and don’t care about what they have to say.

When the circle back becomes a relationship priority, emotional trust gets stronger with the message: you are my priority. Then, when you do sometimes forget, there is a reserve of forgiveness to draw from and then you complete the circle back. Progress, not perfection.

The key is the “circle back.”

This ritual of connection builds trust that you care about what your partner thinks, feels, and what they have to say. It sends a loving message that you care enough to ensure you have sufficient attention to be present in the conversation and that you thought enough of them to REMEMBER.

You don’t have to be trapped in conversations that you are NOT in a frame of mind to have. You can give each other the gift of CHOICE of WHEN and WHERE. Then, when you talk about the WHAT, you feel connected, closer and emotionally safe.

Summary:

Why Rituals of Connection Matter

  • They build trust and predictability, showing that the relationship is a priority.

  • They create shared meaning, enhancing the sense of being a team.

  • They help the family and couples weather difficult times by providing a steady source of comfort and bonding.

When families and couples consciously create and honor these rituals, they deepen their emotional intimacy and keep their relationships resilient and connected.

The 9 Biggest Signs Of Autism In Adulthood by Jullian Wilson, Huffpost

There are so many ways that Autism shows up in adults, and here are 9 major signs:

  1. A Feeling Of Being ‘Different’ From Others

  2. Difficulty With Social Cues

  3. A Confusing Relationship History — Both Romantically Or Platonically

  4. Sensory Differences

  5. A Desire For Routine

  6. A Need For Solitude 

  7. More Intense Interests

  8. A Dislike Of Small Talk

  9. A Desire For Direct Communication

You may have seen videos on social media where people detail the signs that made them realize they’re autistic. Viewers are finding them enlightening and comforting as many people  — mainly women — are undiagnosed as they reach adulthood.

According to Dr. Megan Anna Neff, a clinical psychologist based in Oregon, a recent study found that 80% of women with autism are still undiagnosed at age 18.

There are many reasons for this: For starters, people learn to adjust their behavior to fit in with society. Additionally, the autism diagnostic tools used today were developed exclusively on white boys from high socioeconomic status, said Stephanie Gardner-Wright, a licensed master social worker and certified autism clinical specialist in Michigan.

There is also a huge focus on the external signs and not so much the internal symptoms of autism, Gardner-Wright said. And those internal symptoms are very different from person to person.

“There are so many ways that autism can show up and present,” Neff added. “I think there’s more diversity within autism than there is between autism and allistic.” (Allistic people are folks who aren’t on the autism spectrum.)

That said, there are a number of signs or thought patterns that undiagnosed autistic people may be able to relate to. HuffPost spoke with mental health professionals, including some people who are neurodivergent themselves, about the signs of autism in adulthood: CLICK FOR THE ARTICLE!

Level 1: Requiring Support

  • Social Communication: Difficulty initiating and maintaining conversations. They may seem less interested in social interactions.

  • Behavior: Inflexibility and transition challenges may interfere with functioning but can often be managed with structured support.

  • Example: Someone who struggles with making small talk but can navigate social situations with some guidance.

Level 2: Requiring Substantial Support

  • Social Communication: Marked difficulty with verbal and non-verbal communication. You can use interaction unless you're supported.

  • Behavior: Significant inflexibility, distress with changes, and noticeable repetitive behaviors that interfere with functioning.

  • Example: Someone who can engage in social interaction but may require ongoing assistance to understand or respond appropriately.

Level 3 Requiring Very Substantial Support

  • Social Communication: Severe verbal and non-verbal communication deficits result in very limited interactions.

  • Behavior: Extreme difficulty with inflexibility, coping with change, and repetitive behaviors that significantly impair daily functioning.

  • Example: Someone who may rely entirely on caregivers for daily communication and support.

Embrace Autism is a resource-rich blog; click on the image above.

The Difference Between Schizophrenic-related Voices and the "Inner Voices" of Most People

The main difference between schizophrenia-related voices (or auditory hallucinations) and the "inner voices" that most people experience is in their nature, intensity, and impact. Here are some key distinctions:

  1. External Quality:

    • Schizophrenia-related voices often feel as though they come from outside or have a powerful "other" presence. They can sound like distinct people, strangers, or sometimes even known individuals. These voices may seem as though they are external, like hearing someone standing in the room.

    • Inner voice/thoughts that people without schizophrenia experience usually feel internal and connected to their stream of consciousness. It’s more like “thinking in words” than hearing an actual sound.

  2. Content and Tone:

    • Voices in schizophrenia often have a critical, commanding, or distressing tone. They may say negative things, issue commands, or even make threats. These voices may focus on the person’s insecurities, reinforcing paranoia or anxiety.

    • Typical inner voices are generally self-reflective or narrative, like weighing pros and cons or imagining conversations. They aren’t as repetitive or distressing and are often under the person's control. They can be distressing, as in rumination or being self-critical, but the experience is more from the inside of their head and body and not external.

  3. Control and Volition:

    • Schizophrenia-related voices are typically intrusive and beyond the person's control, arriving unbidden and interrupting their thoughts or activities.

    • Inner voices or self-talk are usually something people can stop or redirect. For instance, you can tell yourself to think about something else if an inner thought is unhelpful or distressing.

  4. Intensity and Impact:

    • Schizophrenia-related voices can be intense and feel very real, causing a lot of emotional distress or distraction. They may interfere with a person’s ability to concentrate or engage with the world around them.

    • Normal inner dialogue is less vivid and intense, more like background chatter, and doesn’t significantly disrupt daily life.

  5. Persistence and Frequency:

    • Schizophrenia-related voices are often frequent, especially if they are untreated, and they can occur at all times of the day.

    • Normal inner dialogue is usually only active when a person consciously thinks about something or makes decisions.

If you or someone else is dealing with distressing, uncontrollable voices, it can be beneficial to seek support. A mental health professional can provide insights, assessments, and strategies to manage these experiences, along with an in-depth Psychological Assessment to precisely understand your situation.